# Chapter 5 | The Verb

There are two conjugations for regular verbs.

The First Conjugation applies to:

1. verbs of monosyllabic roots, e.g., bog, bris, caith, mol, including verbs ending in igh, e.g., breoigh, clóigh, cráigh, iaigh, luaigh, reoigh, sáigh;
2. verbs of polysyllabic roots ending in áil, e.g., sábháil, tarrtháil, and some particular polysyllabic verbs, e.g., adhlaic, ceiliúir, gearán, seachaid, taispeáin, tíolaic.

The Second Conjugation applies to:

1. verbs with polysyllabic roots ending in -(a)igh, e.g., ceannaigh, imigh
2. verbs with polysyllabic roots ending in -(a)il, -(a)in, -(a)ir, -(a)is and syncopated in the conjugation, e.g., agair, codail, cogain, iompair, tochail;
3. a small number of particular verbs such as foghlaim, fulaing, tarraing, tuirling.

The conjugation of a compound verb is usually the same as that of the verb from which it is formed:

1. aisíoc, athdhear and comhlíon in the first conjugation are similar to íoc, dear and líon; and
2. athchomhairligh, comhdhlúthaigh and comhshínigh in the second conjugation are similar to comhairligh, dlúthaigh and sínigh.

1. If a sentence has a optative function, it is always in the subjunctive mood, e.g., Go raibh maith agat (EN: Thank you (lit. may goodness be at you)); Go dté tú slán (EN: May you go safely). There is a choice between the present subjunctive mood and the future tense when the verb of the main clause is in the primary tense in the following contexts:

   1. after the temporal conjuctions ach a (EN: as soon as), go (EN: until), nó go (EN: until), sula (EN: before), e.g., Gheobhaimid an scéal ceart ach a dtaga (a dtiocfaidh) Pól (EN: We will get the right story as soon as Paul comes); Ná beannaigh don diabhal go mbeannaí (go mbeannóidh) sé duit (EN: Do not greet the devil until he greets you (see FGB entry)); Beidh tú ann nó go bhfása (nó go bhfásfaidh) coincleach ort (EN: You will be there until mold will grow on you); Beidh siad ann sula mbuailtear (sula mbuailfear) clog an aingil (EN: They will be there before the angel’s bell is struck).
   2. after the conjunction of purpose (EN: so that) go, nó go, e.g., Féach é go bhfeice (go bhfeicfidh) tú (EN: Look at it so that you may see it); Suigh nó go raibh (nó go mbeidh) do scíth déanta agat (EN: Sit so that you may have rested);
   3. in the first open clause after mura (EN: if not), e.g., Mura gcuire (mura gcuirfidh) tú, ní bhainfidh tú (EN: If you do not put, you will not gain).

2.  

   1. The forms of the past subjunctive mood are the same as the forms of the dependent past habitual tense (except for the verb bí) (see the Dependent Form, 5.1.8). The conditional mood’s form can also be used instead of the past subjunctive if the main clause is in the past tense, the past habitual tense or the conditional mood, e.g., Tháinig (thagadh, thiocfadh) sí aír preo fíctí (bhfécfí) í (EN: She came in before she would have seen it). For the verb bí, the forms of the past subjunctive mood are the same as the conditional mood.
   2. In the tables in this chapter, the present subjunctive mood is indicated by the particle go. Although eclipsis follows that particle and some others, this is not true for every particle accompanying the subjunctive mood. Lenition follows nár, e.g., Nár fhana sé i bhfad (EN: He did not stay long).

ní (níor) is the negative particle and is shown in the tables where the negative form is given.

The independent form is the form of the verb used in an affirmative explicative principal clause, e.g., bhí mé (EN: I was); ceannóidh sé (EN: He will buy); mholfadh sí (EN: She would praise). Unless otherwise stated, it is the independent form that is given in the conjugations in the rest of this chapter, except in the Present Subjunctive Mood.

The dependent form follows these conjunctions, relative pronominals and verbs: a/ar (= the relative particle), a/ar (= an méid a/ar (EN: the size/extent)), an/ar, cá/cár, dá/dár, (de or do + a (ar)) and dá (conditional), go/gur, mura/murar, nach/nár, ní/níor, sula/sular (see 10.4.2 and 10.8.2).

The present habitual tense is followed by má to express a future condition, e.g., Déanfaidh mé um thráthnóna é má bhíonn deis agam (EN: I will do it in the evening if I have the opportunity). The future tense is what follows nuair if it is something that will be happening in the future, e.g., Glan é nuair a thiocfaidh tú isteach amárach (EN: Clean it when you come in tomorrow).

muid (EN: we) can be used with the analytic form of the verb in the first person plural in preference to the conjugated forms of the verb (given in the tables) in all moods and tenses. The analytic form muid and the conjugated forms of the verb in the first person plural have the same status.

1. Regular verbs from monosyllabic roots ending in a broad consonant are formed in the same way as mol, and regular verbs are formed from monosyllabic roots ending in a slender consonant in the same way as bris.

2. If a root ending in -t or -th (e.g., at, loit, caith, leath) joins an affix beginning with -t (e.g., -tar/-tear, -taí/-tí, -tá/-tá, -ta/-te), the -t(h)t- becomes -t-:

   	Ends in broad -t(h)		Ends in slender -t(h)
   	-t(h) + t-	-t-	-t(h) + t-	-t-
   Present Tense	at + tar	atar	loit + tear	loitear
   	leath + tar	leatar	caith + tear	caitear
   Past Habitual Tense	d’at + taí	d’ataí	loit + tí	loití
   	leath + taí	leataí	caith + tí	chaití
   Verbal Adjective	at + ta	ata	loit + te	loite
   	leath + ta	leata	caith + te	caite

3. If a root ending in -bh or -mh (e.g., gabh, ríomh) joins an affix beginning with -th- (e.g., -tha in the verbal adjective), the -bhth- or -mhth- becomes -f-:

   	Ends with -bh		Ends with -mh
   	-bh + th-	-f-	-mh + th-	-f-
   Verbal Noun	gabh + tha	gafa	ríomh + tha	ríofa
   	scríobh + tha	scríofa	promh + tha	profa

4. -bh, -mh and -th are retained before -f-, e.g., scríobhfaí, ríomhfá, chaithfeá:

   	Ends with -bh		Ends with -mh		Ends with -th
   	-bh + f-	-bhf-	-mh + f-	-mhf-	-th + f-	-thf-
   Conditional Mood	scríobh + fá	scríobhfá	ríomh + fá	ríomhfá	chaith + fí	chaithfí

1. Verbs conjugated like sábháil:

   Root	First Person Singular Present Tense	Verbal Noun	Verbal Adjective	Meaning
   bácáil	bácálaim	bácáil	bácáilte	(EN: bake)
   cóipeáil	cóipeálaim	cóipeáil	cóipeáilte	(EN: copy)
   nótáil	nótálaim	nótáil	nótáilte	(EN: note)
   péinteáil	péinteálaim	péinteáil	péinteáilte	(EN: paint)

2. Verbs conjugated like tíolaic:

   Root	First Person Singular Present Tense	Verbal Noun	Verbal Adjective	Meaning
   adhair	adhraim	adhradh	adhartha	(EN: worship)
   adhlaic	adhlacaim	adhlacadh	adhlactha	(EN: bury)
   ceiliúir	ceiliúraim	ceiliúradh	ceiliúrtha	(EN: celebrate)
   seachaid	seachadaim	seachadadh	seachadta	(EN: deliver)
   tionóil	tionólaim	tionól	tionólta	(EN: assemble)

3. Verbs that are kept slender throughout (excluding the verbal noun) in their conjugation:

   Root	First Person Singular Present Tense	Verbal Noun	Verbal Adjective	Meaning
   toirmisc	toirmiscim	toirmeasc	toirmiscthe	(EN: forbid)
   tiomáin	tiomáinim	tiomáint	tiomáinte	(EN: drive)

4. Verbs that are kept broad throughout in their conjugation:

   Root	First Person Singular Present Tense	Verbal Noun	Verbal Adjective	Meaning
   coimeád	coimeádaim	coimeád	coimeádta	(EN: keep)
   gearán	gearánaim	gearán	gearánta	(EN: complain)

1. Cráigh, dóigh

   Table 5FThe First Conjugation — Conjugation of the Verb cráigh

   Cráigh(EN: Torment)
   Indicative Mood Present Tense Past Tense Past Habitual Tense Future Tense cráim chráigh mé chráinn cráfaidh mé cránn tú chráigh tú chráiteá cráfaidh tú cránn sé/sí chráigh sé/sí chrádh sé/sí cráfaidh sé/sí cráimid chrámar chráimis cráfaimid cránn sibh chráigh sibh chrádh sibh cráfaidh sibh cránn siad chráigh siad chráidís cráfaidh siad aut. cráitear aut. crádh aut. chráití aut. cráfar
   Conditional Mood Present Subjunctive Mood Imperative Mood chráfainn go gcrá mé cráim chráfá go gcrá tú cráigh chráfadh sé/sí go gcrá sé/sí crádh sé/sí chráfaimis go gcráimid cráimis chráfadh sibh go gcrá sibh cráigí chráfaidís go gcrá siad cráidís aut. chráfaí aut. go gcráitear aut. cráitear
   Verbal Noun Verbal Adjective crá cráite

   Table 5GThe First Conjugation — Conjugation of the Verb dóigh

   Dóigh(EN: Burn)
   Indicative Mood Present Tense Past Tense Past Habitual Tense Future Tense dóim dhóigh mé dhóinn dófaidh mé dónn tú dhóigh tú dhóiteá dófaidh tú dónn sé/sí dhóigh sé/sí dhódh sé/sí dófaidh sé/sí dóimid dhómar dhóimis dófaimid dónn sibh dhóigh sibh dhódh sibh dófaidh sibh dónn siad dhóigh siad dhóidís dófaidh siad aut. dóitear aut. dódh aut. dhóití aut. dófar
   Conditional Mood Present Subjunctive Mood Imperative Mood dhófainn go ndó mé dóim dhófá go ndó tú dóigh dhófadh sé/sí go ndó sé/sí dódh sé/sí dhófaimis go ndóimid dóimis dhófadh sibh go ndó sibh dóigí dhófaidís go ndó siad dóidís aut. dhófaí aut. go ndóitear aut. dóitear
   Verbal Noun Verbal Adjective dó dóite

   1. Verbs conjugated like cráigh, dóigh:

      Root	First Person Singular Present Tense	Verbal Noun	Verbal Adjective	Meaning
      báigh	báim	bá	báite	(EN: drown)
      cneáigh	cneáim	cneá	cneáite	(EN: wound)
      meáigh	meáim	meá	meáite	(EN: weigh)
      leáigh	leáim	leá	leáite	(EN: melt)
      clóigh	clóim	cló	clóite	(EN: print)
      breoigh	breoim	breo	breoite	(EN: heat)
      dreoigh	dreoim	dreo	dreoite	(EN: decay)
      feoigh	feoim	feo	feoite	(EN: wither)
      reoigh	reoim	reo	reoite	(EN: freeze)
      brúigh	brúim	brú	brúite	(EN: press)
      crúigh	crúim	crú	crúite	(EN: milk)
      liúigh	liúim	liú	liúite	(EN: yell)
      súigh	súim	sú	súite	(EN: absorb)
      luaigh	luaim	lua	luaite	(EN: mention)

   2. Verbs with a specific verbal noun:

      Root	First Person Singular Present Tense	Verbal Noun	Verbal Adjective	Meaning
      beoigh	beoim	beochan	beoite	(EN: live)
      buaigh	buaim	buachan	buaite	(EN: win)
      cruaigh	cruaim	cruachan	cruaite	(EN: harden)
      fuaigh	fuaim	fuáil	fuaite	(EN: blow)
      glaoigh	glaoim	glaoch	glaoite	(EN: call)
      iaigh	iaim	iamh	iata	(EN: shut)

2. Léigh, nigh

   When verbs have a short vowel in the root, the vowel is left unlengthened before -t, e.g., nitear, niteá, nite, but ním, níodh, nífí, etc. However, léigh etc. have long vowels throughout, e.g., léitear, léiteá, léite.

   Table 5HThe First Conjugation — Conjugation of the Verb léigh

   Léigh(EN: read)
   Indicative Mood Present Tense Past Tense Past Habitual Tense Future Tense léim léigh mé léinn léifidh mé léann tú léigh tú léiteá léifidh tú léann sé/sí léigh sé/sí léadh sé/sí léifidh sé/sí léimid léamar léimis léifimid léann sibh léigh sibh léadh sibh léifidh sibh léann siad léigh siad léidís léifidh siad aut. léitear aut. léadh aut. léití aut. léifear
   Conditional Mood Present Subjunctive Mood Imperative Mood léifinn go lé mé léim léifeá go lé tú léigh léifeadh sé/sí go lé sé/sí léadh sé/sí léifimis go léimid léimis léifeadh sibh go lé sibh léigí léifidís go lé siad léidís aut. léifí aut. go léitear aut. léitear
   Verbal Noun Verbal Adjective léamh léite

   Table 5IThe First Conjugation — Conjugation of the Verb nigh

   Nigh(EN: wash)
   Indicative Mood Present Tense Past Tense Past Habitual Tense Future Tense ním nigh mé nínn nífidh mé níonn tú nigh tú niteá nífidh tú níonn sé/sí nigh sé/sí níodh sé/sí nífidh sé/sí nímid níomar nímis nífimid níonn sibh nigh sibh níodh sibh nífidh sibh níonn siad nigh siad nídís nífidh siad aut. nitear aut. níodh aut. nití aut. nífear
   Conditional Mood Present Subjunctive Mood Imperative Mood nífinn go ní mé ním nífeá go ní tú nigh nífeadh sé/sí go ní sé/sí níodh sé/sí nífimis go nímid nímis nífeadh sibh go ní sibh nígí nífidís go ní siad nídís aut. nífí aut. go nitear aut. nitear
   Verbal Noun Verbal Adjective ní nite

   1. Verbs conjugated like léigh:

      Root	First Person Singular Present Tense	Verbal Noun	Verbal Adjective	Meaning
      éigh	éim	éamh	éite	(EN: scream)
      téigh (meaning teas)	téim	téamh	téite	(EN: heat)
      pléigh	pléim	plé	pléite	(EN: discuss)
      spréigh	spréim	spré	spréite	(EN: spread)
      caígh	caím	caí	caíte	(EN: fall)
      cloígh	cloím	cloí	cloíte	(EN: stick to)
      cnaígh	cnaím	cnaí	cnaíte	(EN: gnaw)

   2. Verbs conjugated like nigh:

      Root	First Person Singular Present Tense	Verbal Noun	Verbal Adjective	Meaning
      dligh	dlím	dlí	dlite	(EN: be entitled to)
      figh	fím	fí	fite	(EN: weave)
      guigh	guím	guí	guite	(EN: pray)
      ligh	lím	lí	lite	(EN: lick)
      luigh	luím	luí	luite	(EN: lie (down))
      snigh	sním	sní	snite	(EN: pour)
      snoigh	snoím	snoí	snoite	(EN: cut)
      suigh	suím	suí	suite	(EN: sit)

   3. Verbs with a specific verbal noun:

      Root	First Person Singular Present Tense	Verbal Noun	Verbal Adjective	Meaning
      bligh	blím	bleán	blite	(EN: milk)
      buígh	buím	buíochan	buíte	(EN: tan)
      righ	rím	ríochan	rite	(EN: stretch)

1. Verbs conjugated like ceangail:

   Root	First Person Singular Present Tense	Verbal Noun	Verbal Adjective	Meaning
   codail	codlaím	codladh	codalta	(EN: sleep)
   fógair	fógraím	fógairt	fógartha	(EN: announce)
   labhair	labhraím	labhairt	labhartha	(EN: speak)
   oscail	osclaím	oscailt	oscailte	(EN: open)
   tionscain	tionscnaím	tionscnamh	tionscanta	(EN: originate)

2. Verbs conjugated like díbir:

   Root	First Person Singular Present Tense	Verbal Noun	Verbal Adjective	Meaning
   aithin	aithním	aithint	aitheanta	(EN: recognize)
   eitil	eitlím	eitilt	eitilte	(EN: fly)
   imir	imrím	imirt	imeartha	(EN: play)
   inis	insím	insint	inste	(EN: tell)

1. Verbs from roots ending in -aim, -(a)ing are not conjugated:

   Root	First Person Singular Present Tense	Verbal Noun	Verbal Adjective	Meaning
   foghlaim	foghlaimím	foghlaim	foghlamtha	(EN: learn)
   fulaing	fulaingím	fulaingt	fulaingthe	(EN: endure)
   tarraing	tarraingím	tarraingt	tarraingthe	(EN: pull)
   tuirling	tuirlingím	tuirlingt	tuirlingthe	(EN: descend)

2. Other non-syncopated verbs:

   Root	First Person Singular Present Tense	Verbal Noun	Verbal Adjective	Meaning
   aithris	aithrisím	aithris	aithriste	(EN: narrate)
   freastail	freastalaím	freastal	freastalta	(EN: attend)
   taistil	taistealaím	taisteal	taistealta	(EN: travel)

There are eleven irregular verbs. The following are the irregular verbs: abair (EN: say), beir (EN: bear), bí (EN: be), clois/cluin (EN: hear), déan (EN: do/make), faigh (EN: get), feic (EN: see), ith (EN: eat), tabhair (EN: give), tar (EN: come), téigh (EN: go).

The irregular verbs do not keep the same root throughout their formation and some of them have separate forms in the dependent form.

The root of the verb in the present habitual and past habitual tenses is the same in all irregular verbs, e.g., cloisimid, chloisimis (EN: we hear, we used to hear); deirim, deirinn (EN: I say, I used to say); tugann sí, thugadh sí (EN: she gives, she used to give). Except for the verb bí (EN: be), the present subjunctive also has the same root, e.g., go gcloise (EN: that we hear); go ndeire (EN: that I say); go dtuga (EN: that she gives).

The root of the verb in the future tense and the conditional mood is the same in all irregular verbs, e.g., déarfaidh mé (EN: I will say), déarfainn (EN: I would say); déanfaidh tú (EN: you will do/make), dhéanfá (EN: you would do/make); tabharfaidh siad (EN: they will give), thabharfaidís (EN: they would give).

The dependent form follows these conjunctions, relative pronominals and verbs: a/ar (= the relative clause), a/ar (= an méid a/ar, EN: the size/extent), an/ar, cá/cár, dá/dár (de or do+a (ar)) and dá (conditional), go/gur, mura/murar, nach/nár, ní/níor, sula/sular (see 10.4.2 and 10.8.2). The dependent form in the tables is represented by ní or go.

1. These particles are used with the irregular verbs in the same way as they are used with the regular verbs.

   An dtabharfadh sí síob chun na scoile duit?	Would she bring you to school?
   Dúirt siad go dtagann sí ar cuairt gach Satharn.	They said that she comes to visit every Saturday.
   Níor rug siad ar na gadaithe go fóill.	They have not caught the thieves yet.
   Nár chuala tú faoin gcruinniú?	Didn’t you hear about the meeting?
   Ar ith sé a dhóthain?	Has he eaten enough?

   But the forms ending in -r of those particles are not used in the past tense, indicative mood, with the verbs abair, bí, déan (for forms starting with dearn-), faigh, feic, téigh.

   Nach ndeachaigh sibh abhaile fós?	Didn’t you go home yet?
   Cá bhfacamar cheana é?	Where have we seen it before?
   An ndúirt sé dada leatsa faoi?	Did he say anything to you about it?
   Deir sí go raibh siad ann.	She says that they were there.
   Ní bhfuair sé an t‑airgead fós.	He did not get the money yet.

2. The verb abair is never lenited, e.g., ní deirim (deirimis, dúirt sé, déarfainn), má deir tú (deiridís), na rudaí a déarfaidh (a déarfadh) sé.

3. The relative particle a is combined with the verb bí in the present tense — atáim, atá, atáimid, atáthar. ná, instead of nár, is put before forms of the subjunctive mood of bí, e.g., Ná raibh maith agat (EN: Don’t be grateful).

In the table below, the different types of verbal nouns in the first conjugation are shown.

In the table below, the different types of verbal nouns in the second conjugation are shown.

1. The genitive form of the verbal noun is usually the same as the verbal adjective in the contexts shown in the table below:

   Table 5AADeclension of the Verb Noun — Genitive of the Verbal Noun in Any Form with the Verbal Adjective

   Trait	Verbal Noun	Form of the Genitive
   Verbal nouns ending in -(e)adh	bearradh cáineadh folcadh moladh	scian bhearrtha rún cáinte dabhach folctha dán molta
   Monosyllabic verbal nouns ending in a long vowel or a diphthong	cló reo sú	leabhar clóite uachtar reoite páipéar súite
   Polysyllabic verb nouns ending in a long vowel	cónaí éalú ionsaí	áit chónaithe bealach éalaithe lucht ionsaithe
   Verbal nouns ending in -ilt, -in(g)t, (except -áint, -úint), -irt	cuimilt cosaint labhairt	barr cuimilte gléas cosanta deis labhartha
   Some masculine verbal nouns that end in a broad consonant	coimeád léamh scríobh	fear coimeádta lucht léite an focal scríofa
   A few other verbal nouns	bruith druidim	práta bruite dorn druidte

2. The genitive of the noun, according to the related declension, may belong to —

   1. certain verbal nouns:

      Table 5BBDeclension of the Verbal Noun — Certain Verb Nouns

      Trait	Verbal Noun	Form of the Genitive
      As a noun in the First Declension (see 2.2.2)	gol machnamh	fonn goil ag déanamh a machnaimh
      As a noun in the Second Declension (see 2.3.2)	fóirithint	foireann fóirithinte
      As a noun in the Third Declension, for verbal nouns ending in -áil, -áíl, -áint, -únt, -cht and other verbal nouns (see 2.4.2)	admháil dúiseacht iomáint lúbarnaíl oiliúint díolaim éag tuiscint	páipéar admhála clog dúiseachta foireann iomána le teann lúbarnaíola coláiste oiliúna fear díolama ar chúl éaga bua tuisceana

   2. common nouns which are used to perform the functions of a verbal noun but which do not undergo verbal conjugation beyond that:

      Table 5CCDeclension of the Verbal Noun — Common Nouns used to Perform Verbal Noun Functions

      Trait	Verbal Noun	Form of the Genitive
      As a noun in the First Declension (see 2.2.2)	ag magadh ag seanchas	cúis mhagaidh fear seanchais
      As a noun in the Second Declension (see 2.3.2)	ag báisteach ag fearthainn fuadar	cuma bháistí fearthainne
      As a noun in the Third Declension, where a suffix is added to the base noun, e.g., bádóir, bádóireacht; peata, peataireacht and for other verbal nouns (see 2.4.2)	ag bádóireacht ag peataireacht ag bradaíl ag feadaíl	cumann bádóireachta an iomarca peataireachta bó bhradaíola port feadaíola

   3. the alternate versions of many verbal nouns to express continuity, frequency, abstractness, noise, emphasis, a second meaning or single action, e.g., aistriú (EN: translation) to aistriúchán (EN: translation); liú (EN: yell) to liúireach (EN: yell):

      Table 5DDDeclension of the Verbal Noun — Alternate Versions of Verbal Nouns

      Trait	Verbal Noun	Form of the Genitive
      As a noun in the First Declension (see 2.2.2)	níochán	meaisín níocháin
      As a noun in the Second Declension (see 2.3.2)	preabarnach	rás preabarnaí
      As a noun in the Third Declension (see 2.4.2)	léitheoireacht	ábhar léitheoireachta

3. There are some verbal nouns that have two forms in the genitive — the form of the verbal adjective and the form according to one of the noun declensions:

   Table 5EEDeclension of Verbal Nouns with Two Forms in the Genitive — Form according to One of the Declensions

   Trait	Verbal Noun	Form of the Genitive according to One of the Declensions
   As a noun in the First Declension (most masculine verbal nouns ending in a broad consonant) (see 2.2.2)	brath ceannach comhrac gearán iompar tochas	lucht braith árthach ceannaigh céile comhraic cúis ghearáin gléas iompair cuaille tochais
   As a noun in the Second Declension (a few feminine verbal nouns) (see 2.3.2)	aithris breith insint léim titim úsáid	cóir aithrise lá breithe an sórt insinte ag caitheamh léime fonn titime easpa úsáide
   As a noun in the Third Declension (feminine nouns ending in -chan and crith, foghlaim, íoc, reic, rith, seinm, slad, snámh, sníomh, tairiscint, tál, trácht, triall, troid, tuiscint) (see 2.4.2)	beochan crith foghlaim íoc reic rith seinm sníomh trácht troid	deoch bheochana galar creatha aos foghlama fear íoca stalla reaca ligean reatha lucht seanma fearsaid sníomha brú tráchta babhta troda

   1. The form of the verbal adjective is used when the verbal noun is accompanied by an object.

   2. The other form is used when the verbal noun functions as a noun or an adjective.

      Table 5FFDeclension of Verbal Nouns with Two Forms in the Genitive — Form of the Verbal Adjective and Form according to One of the Declensions

      Verbal Noun	Genitive — Form of the Verbal Adjective	Genitive — Form according to One of the Declensions
      brath	fear a bhraite	lucht braith
      ceannach	fear ceannaithe na mbeithíoch	árthach ceannaigh
      déan	fear déanta brící	sórt déanaimh
      insint	fear inste scéil	an sórt insinte
      íoc	lá íoctha na rátaí	fear íoca
      iompar	tar éis a iompartha	gléas iompair
      ól	lucht ólta poitín	boladh óil
      úsáid	modh a úsáidte	easpa úsáide

There are some verbal nouns that are also used as common nouns. These have a plural form according to the declension to which they belong.

1. For verbal nouns ending in -(e)adh, -taí (-tí) is usually replaced by -(e)adh if the root ends in -ch, -d, -l, -ll, -n, -rr, -s or -t, and -thaí (-thí), if it ends with another consonant, e.g., baisteadh, baistí; casadh, castaí; cinneadh, cinntí; moladh, moltaí; pósadh, póstaí; tarscaoileadh, tarscaoiltí; bloscadh, bloscthaí; colscaradh, colscarthaí; crapadh, crapthaí; loscadh, loscthaí; madhmadh, madhmthaí; scríobadh, scríobthaí; speireadh, speirthí; tíolacadh, tíolacthaí, or occasionally -teacha, -thacha, e.g., filleadh, fillteacha; gearradh, gearrthacha.
2. For polysyllabic verbal nouns ending in -(i)ú, -(u)ithe is replaced by -(i)ú, e.g., athrú, athruithe; ceartú, ceartuithe; cruinniú, cruinnithe; fiosrú, fiosruithe; míniú, mínithe; ordú, orduithe; scrúdú, scrúduithe; toiliú, toilithe.
3. For nouns ending in -áil, the l is broadened and -acha is added, e.g., admháil, admhálacha; ofráil, ofrálacha.
4. For verbal nouns ending in cht, -áí is added, e.g., gluaiseacht, gluaiseachtaí, and add -í to verbal nouns ending in -lt, -nt, -rt, e.g., bagairt, bagairtí; creidiúint, creidiúintí; oscailt, oscailtí; tairiscint, tairiscintí.
5. For monosyllabic verbal nouns ending in a vowel, -nna or, occasionally, -ite are added, e.g., breo, breonna; brú, brúnna; cló, clónna; dó, dónna; liú, liúnna; meá, meánna; sú, súnna; crú, crúite; rá, ráite; sá, sáite.

The prefixes do-, in-, so- are used with the form of the verbal adjective to make classifications, e.g., dochoiscthe, dofheicthe, doghluaiste, dothuigthe, indéanta, inscrúdaithe, sofheicthe, sofhoghlamtha, sophacáilte. (See 4.12 for more information on the verbal adjective.)