-
bearradh
-
cáineadh
-
folcadh
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moladh
There are two conjugations for regular verbs.
The First Conjugation applies to:
verbs of monosyllabic roots, e.g., bog, bris, caith, mol, including verbs ending in igh, e.g., breoigh, clóigh, cráigh, iaigh, luaigh, reoigh, sáigh;
verbs of polysyllabic roots ending in áil, e.g., sábháil, tarrtháil, and some particular polysyllabic verbs, e.g., adhlaic, ceiliúir, gearán, seachaid, taispeáin, tíolaic.
The Second Conjugation applies to:
verbs with polysyllabic roots ending in -(a)igh, e.g., ceannaigh, imigh
verbs with polysyllabic roots ending in -(a)il, -(a)in, -(a)ir, -(a)is and syncopated in the conjugation, e.g., agair, codail, cogain, iompair, tochail;
a small number of particular verbs such as foghlaim, fulaing, tarraing, tuirling.
The conjugation of a compound verb is usually the same as that of the verb from which it is formed:
aisíoc, athdhear and comhlíon in the first conjugation are similar to íoc, dear and líon; and
athchomhairligh, comhdhlúthaigh and comhshínigh in the second conjugation are similar to comhairligh, dlúthaigh and sínigh.
If a sentence has a optative function, it is always in the subjunctive mood, e.g., Go raibh maith agat (EN: Thank you (lit. may goodness be at you)); Go dté tú slán (EN: May you go safely). There is a choice between the present subjunctive mood and the future tense when the verb of the main clause is in the primary tense in the following contexts:
after the temporal conjuctions ach a (EN: as soon as), go (EN: until), nó go (EN: until), sula (EN: before), e.g., Gheobhaimid an scéal ceart ach a dtaga (a dtiocfaidh) Pól (EN: We will get the right story as soon as Paul comes); Ná beannaigh don diabhal go mbeannaí (go mbeannóidh) sé duit (EN: Do not greet the devil until he greets you (see FGB entry)); Beidh tú ann nó go bhfása (nó go bhfásfaidh) coincleach ort (EN: You will be there until mold will grow on you); Beidh siad ann sula mbuailtear (sula mbuailfear) clog an aingil (EN: They will be there before the angel’s bell is struck).
after the conjunction of purpose (EN: so that) go, nó go, e.g., Féach é go bhfeice (go bhfeicfidh) tú (EN: Look at it so that you may see it); Suigh nó go raibh (nó go mbeidh) do scíth déanta agat (EN: Sit so that you may have rested);
in the first open clause after mura (EN: if not), e.g., Mura gcuire (mura gcuirfidh) tú, ní bhainfidh tú (EN: If you do not put, you will not gain).
The forms of the past subjunctive mood are the same as the forms of the dependent past habitual tense (except for the verb bí) (see the Dependent Form, 5.1.8). The conditional mood’s form can also be used instead of the past subjunctive if the main clause is in the past tense, the past habitual tense or the conditional mood, e.g., Tháinig (thagadh, thiocfadh) sí aír preo fíctí (bhfécfí) í (EN: She came in before she would have seen it). For the verb bí, the forms of the past subjunctive mood are the same as the conditional mood.
In the tables in this chapter, the present subjunctive mood is indicated by the particle go. Although eclipsis follows that particle and some others, this is not true for every particle accompanying the subjunctive mood. Lenition follows nár, e.g., Nár fhana sé i bhfad (EN: He did not stay long).
ní (níor) is the negative particle and is shown in the tables where the negative form is given.
The independent form is the form of the verb used in an affirmative explicative principal clause, e.g., bhí mé (EN: I was); ceannóidh sé (EN: He will buy); mholfadh sí (EN: She would praise). Unless otherwise stated, it is the independent form that is given in the conjugations in the rest of this chapter, except in the Present Subjunctive Mood.
The dependent form follows these conjunctions, relative pronominals and verbs: a/ar (= the relative particle), a/ar (= an méid a/ar (EN: the size/extent)), an/ar, cá/cár, dá/dár, (de or do + a (ar)) and dá (conditional), go/gur, mura/murar, nach/nár, ní/níor, sula/sular (see 10.4.2 and 10.8.2).
Note: The forms ending in -r above are used only in the past tense (but see 5.4.5).
The present habitual tense is followed by má to express a future condition, e.g., Déanfaidh mé um thráthnóna é má bhíonn deis agam (EN: I will do it in the evening if I have the opportunity). The future tense is what follows nuair if it is something that will be happening in the future, e.g., Glan é nuair a thiocfaidh tú isteach amárach (EN: Clean it when you come in tomorrow).
muid (EN: we) can be used with the analytic form of the verb in the first person plural in preference to the conjugated forms of the verb (given in the tables) in all moods and tenses. The analytic form muid and the conjugated forms of the verb in the first person plural have the same status.
| Tense/Mood | Analytic Form + muid | Conjugated Form of the Verb |
|---|---|---|
Present Tense |
molann muid |
molaimid |
Past Tense |
cheannaigh muid |
cheannaíomar |
Past Habitual Tense |
d’itheadh muid |
d’ithimis |
Future Tense |
láimhseoidh muid |
láimhseoimid |
Conditional Mood |
chloisfeadh muid |
chloisfimis |
Subjunctive Mood |
go gceanglaí muid |
go gceanglaímid |
Imperative Mood |
déanadh muid |
déanaimis |
| Mol (EN: Praise) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Bris (EN: Break) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Note: The independent verb is lenited in the indicative mood for past tense (other than the autonomous verb) and for past habitual tense, and in the conditional mood. There is more information in 10.4 about the other contexts in which the dependent and independent verb is lenited and the contexts in which the verb is eclipsed are discussed in 10.8.
Regular verbs from monosyllabic roots ending in a broad consonant are formed in the same way as mol, and regular verbs are formed from monosyllabic roots ending in a slender consonant in the same way as bris.
If a root ending in -t or -th (e.g., at, loit, caith, leath) joins an affix beginning with -t (e.g., -tar/-tear, -taí/-tí, -tá/-tá, -ta/-te), the -t(h)t- becomes -t-:
| Ends in broad -t(h) | Ends in slender -t(h) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -t(h) + t- | -t- | -t(h) + t- | -t- | |
| Present Tense | at + tar | atar | loit + tear | loitear |
| leath + tar | leatar | caith + tear | caitear | |
| Past Habitual Tense | d’at + taí | d’ataí | loit + tí | loití |
| leath + taí | leataí | caith + tí | chaití | |
| Verbal Adjective | at + ta | ata | loit + te | loite |
| leath + ta | leata | caith + te | caite | |
If a root ending in -bh or -mh (e.g., gabh, ríomh) joins an affix beginning with -th- (e.g., -tha in the verbal adjective), the -bhth- or -mhth- becomes -f-:
| Ends with -bh | Ends with -mh | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -bh + th- | -f- | -mh + th- | -f- | |
| Verbal Noun | gabh + tha | gafa | ríomh + tha | ríofa |
| scríobh + tha | scríofa | promh + tha | profa | |
-bh, -mh and -th are retained before -f-, e.g., scríobhfaí, ríomhfá, chaithfeá:
| Ends with -bh | Ends with -mh | Ends with -th | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -bh + f- | -bhf- | -mh + f- | -mhf- | -th + f- | -thf- | |
| Conditional Mood | scríobh + fá | scríobhfá | ríomh + fá | ríomhfá | chaith + fí | chaithfí |
| Sábháil (EN: Save) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Note: As for verbs ending in -áil, note that these forms with -t- are slender, e.g., athchúrsáiltear, d’athchúrsáiltí, athchúrsáilte; sábháiltear, shábháiltí, sábháilte, but the forms with -f- are broad, e.g., athchúrsálfar, d’athchúrsálfaí; sábhálfar, shábhálfaí.
| Tíolaic (EN: Show) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Verbs conjugated like sábháil:
| Root | First Person Singular Present Tense |
Verbal Noun | Verbal Adjective | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| bácáil | bácálaim | bácáil | bácáilte | EN: bake |
| cóipeáil | cóipeálaim | cóipeáil | cóipeáilte | EN: copy |
| nótáil | nótálaim | nótáil | nótáilte | EN: note |
| péinteáil | péinteálaim | péinteáil | péinteáilte | EN: paint |
Verbs conjugated like tíolaic:
| Root | First Person Singular Present Tense |
Verbal Noun | Verbal Adjective | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| adhair | adhraim | adhradh | adhartha | EN: worship |
| adhlaic | adhlacaim | adhlacadh | adhlactha | EN: bury |
| ceiliúir | ceiliúraim | ceiliúradh | ceiliúrtha | EN: celebrate |
| seachaid | seachadaim | seachadadh | seachadta | EN: deliver |
| tionóil | tionólaim | tionól | tionólta | EN: assemble |
Verbs that are kept slender throughout (excluding the verbal noun) in their conjugation:
| Root | First Person Singular Present Tense |
Verbal Noun | Verbal Adjective | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| toirmisc | toirmiscim | toirmeasc | toirmiscthe | EN: forbid |
| tiomáin | tiomáinim | tiomáint | tiomáinte | EN: drive |
Verbs that are kept broad throughout in their conjugation:
| Root | First Person Singular Present Tense |
Verbal Noun | Verbal Adjective | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| coimeád | coimeádaim | coimeád | coimeádta | EN: keep |
| gearán | gearánaim | gearán | gearánta | EN: complain |
Note: The verbs from the roots adhain, adhair and sleabhac are syncopated as if adhn-, adhr-, sleabhc-, were their root, e.g., adhnann sé, adhrfaidh sí, sleabhctha, except in the analytic past tense, e.g., d’adhain sé, d’adhair sí, shleabhac siad, and in verbal adjectives adhain, adhair, e.g., adhainte, adhartha.
Cráigh, dóigh
| Cráigh (EN: Torment) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Note: For verbs that are conjugated like cráigh and dóigh, note that the forms with -t- are slender, e.g., chráiteá, cráitear; dhóiteá, dóitear, but the forms with -f- are broad, e.g., cráfaidh tú, chráfaí; dófaidh tú, dhófaí.
| Dóigh (EN: Burn) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Verbs conjugated like cráigh, dóigh:
| Root | First Person Singular Present Tense |
Verbal Noun | Verbal Adjective | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| báigh | báim | bá | báite | EN: drown |
| cneáigh | cneáim | cneá | cneáite | EN: wound |
| meáigh | meáim | meá | meáite | EN: weigh |
| leáigh | leáim | leá | leáite | EN: melt |
| clóigh | clóim | cló | clóite | EN: print |
| breoigh | breoim | breo | breoite | EN: heat |
| dreoigh | dreoim | dreo | dreoite | EN: decay |
| feoigh | feoim | feo | feoite | EN: wither |
| reoigh | reoim | reo | reoite | EN: freeze |
| brúigh | brúim | brú | brúite | EN: press |
| crúigh | crúim | crú | crúite | EN: milk |
| liúigh | liúim | liú | liúite | EN: yell |
| súigh | súim | sú | súite | EN: absorb |
| luaigh | luaim | lua | luaite | EN: mention |
Verbs with a specific verbal noun:
| Root | First Person Singular Present Tense |
Verbal Noun | Verbal Adjective | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| beoigh | beoim | beochan | beoite | EN: live |
| buaigh | buaim | buachan | buaite | EN: win |
| cruaigh | cruaim | cruachan | cruaite | EN: harden |
| fuaigh | fuaim | fuáil | fuaite | EN: blow |
| glaoigh | glaoim | glaoch | glaoite | EN: call |
| iaigh | iaim | iamh | iata | EN: shut |
Léigh, nigh
When verbs have a short vowel in the root, the vowel is left unlengthened before -t, e.g., nitear, niteá, nite, but ním, níodh, nífí, etc. However, léigh etc. have long vowels throughout, e.g., léitear, léiteá, léite.
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| Nigh (EN: wash) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Verbs conjugated like léigh:
| Root | First Person Singular Present Tense |
Verbal Noun | Verbal Adjective | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| éigh | éim | éamh | éite | EN: scream |
| téigh (meaning teas) | téim | téamh | téite | EN: go |
| pléigh | pléim | plé | pléite | EN: discuss |
| spréigh | spréim | spré | spréite | EN: spread |
| caígh | caím | caí | caíte | EN: fall |
| cloígh | cloím | cloí | cloíte | EN: stick to |
| cnaígh | cnaím | cnaí | cnaíte | EN: gnaw |
Verbs conjugated like nigh:
| Root | First Person Singular Present Tense |
Verbal Noun | Verbal Adjective | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| dligh | dlím | dlí | dlite | EN: be entitled to |
| figh | fím | fí | fite | EN: weave |
| guigh | guím | guí | guite | EN: pray |
| ligh | lím | lí | lite | EN: lick |
| luigh | luím | luí | luite | EN: lie (down) |
| snigh | sním | sní | snite | EN: pour |
| snoigh | snoím | snoí | snoite | EN: cut |
| suigh | suím | suí | suite | EN: sit |
Verbs with a specific verbal noun:
| Root | First Person Singular Present Tense |
Verbal Noun | Verbal Adjective | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| bligh | blím | bleán | blite | EN: milk |
| buígh | buím | buíochan | buíte | EN: tan |
| righ | rím | ríochan | rite | EN: stretch |
| Beannaigh (EN: Bless) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Cruinnigh (EN: Gather) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Note: Note that verbs from polysyllabic roots ending in -aigh are conjugated in the same way as beannaigh, and that verbs from polysyllabic roots ending in -igh are formed in the same way as cruinnigh; but there are exceptions in the verbal noun (see 5.5.2) and the verbal adjective, e.g., dathaigh, daite (EN: color, colored); dlúthaigh, dlúite (EN: compress, compressed); táthaigh, táite (EN: weld, welded).
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| Díbir | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Verbs conjugated like ceangail:
| Root | First Person Singular Present Tense |
Verbal Noun | Verbal Adjective | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| codail | codlaím | codladh | codalta | EN: sleep |
| fógair | fógraím | fógairt | fógartha | EN: announce |
| labhair | labhraím | labhairt | labhartha | EN: speak |
| oscail | osclaím | oscailt | oscailte | EN: open |
| tionscain | tionscnaím | tionscnamh | tionscanta | EN: originate |
Verbs conjugated like díbir:
| Root | First Person Singular Present Tense |
Verbal Noun | Verbal Adjective | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aithin | aithním | aithint | aitheanta | EN: recognize |
| eitil | eitlím | eitilt | eitilte | EN: fly |
| imir | imrím | imirt | imeartha | EN: play |
| inis | insím | insint | inste | EN: tell |
Verbs from roots ending in -aim, -(a)ing are not conjugated:
| Root | First Person Singular Present Tense |
Verbal Noun | Verbal Adjective | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| foghlaim | foghlaimím | foghlaim | foghlamtha | EN: learn |
| fulaing | fulaingím | fulaingt | fulaingthe | EN: endure |
| tarraing | tarraingím | tarraingt | tarraingthe | EN: pull |
| tuirling | tuirlingím | tuirlingt | tuirlingthe | EN: descend |
Other non-syncopated verbs:
| Root | First Person Singular Present Tense |
Verbal Noun | Verbal Adjective | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aithris | aithrisím | aithris | aithriste | EN: narrate |
| freastail | freastalaím | freastal | freastalta | EN: attend |
| taistil | taistealaím | taisteal | taistealta | EN: travel |
There are eleven irregular verbs. The following are the irregular verbs: abair (EN: say), beir (EN: bear), bí (EN: be), clois/cluin (EN: hear), déan (EN: do/make), faigh (EN: get), feic (EN: see), ith (EN: eat), tabhair (EN: give), tar (EN: come), téigh (EN: go).
The irregular verbs do not keep the same root throughout their formation and some of them have separate forms in the dependent form.
The root of the verb in the present habitual and past habitual tenses is the same in all irregular verbs, e.g., cloisimid, chloisimis (EN: we hear, we used to hear); deirim, deirinn (EN: I say, I used to say); tugann sí, thugadh sí (EN: she gives, she used to give). Except for the verb bí (EN: be), the present subjunctive also has the same root, e.g., go gcloise (EN: that we hear); go ndeire (EN: that I say); go dtuga (EN: that she gives).
The root of the verb in the future tense and the conditional mood is the same in all irregular verbs, e.g., déarfaidh mé (EN: I will say), déarfainn (EN: I would say); déanfaidh tú (EN: you will do/make), dhéanfá (EN: you would do/make); tabharfaidh siad (EN: they will give), thabharfaidís (EN: they would give).
The dependent form follows these conjunctions, relative pronominals and verbs: a/ar (= the relative clause), a/ar (= an méid a/ar, EN: the size/extent), an/ar, cá/cár, dá/dár (de or do+a (ar)) and dá (conditional), go/gur, mura/murar, nach/nár, ní/níor, sula/sular (see 10.4.2 and 10.8.2). The dependent form in the tables is represented by ní or go.
These particles are used with the irregular verbs in the same way as they are used with the regular verbs.
An dtabharfadh sí síob chun na scoile duit? |
Would she bring you to school? |
Dúirt siad go dtagann sí ar cuairt gach Satharn. |
They said that she comes to visit every Saturday. |
Níor rug siad ar na gadaithe go fóill. |
They have not caught the thieves yet. |
Nár chuala tú faoin gcruinniú? |
Didn’t you hear about the meeting? |
Ar ith sé a dhóthain? |
Has he eaten enough? |
But the forms ending in -r of those particles are not used in the past tense, indicative mood, with the verbs abair, bí, déan (for forms starting with dearn-), faigh, feic, téigh.
Nach ndeachaigh sibh abhaile fós? |
Didn’t you go home yet? |
Cá bhfacamar cheana é? |
Where have we seen it before? |
An ndúirt sé dada leatsa faoi? |
Did he say anything to you about it? |
Deir sí go raibh siad ann. |
She says that they were there. |
Ní bhfuair sé an t‑airgead fós. |
He did not get the money yet. |
The verb abair is never lenited, e.g., ní deirim (deirimis, dúirt sé, déarfainn), má deir tú (deiridís), na rudaí a déarfaidh (a déarfadh) sé.
The relative particle a is combined with the verb bí in the present tense — atáim, atá, atáimid, atáthar. ná, instead of nár, is put before forms of the subjunctive mood of bí, e.g., Ná raibh maith agat (EN: Don’t be grateful).
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Note: As mentioned in 5.4.5(b), the verb abair is never lenited.
| Beir (EN: bear) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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*a bheith occurs except after chun or certain simple prepositions, e.g., chun bheith, as bheith, gan bheith, le bheith.
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Note: Note that déan is a regular verb except in the past tense and that the past tense is conjugated in two different ways, as shown in the table above. In the first of these, there are different dependent and independent forms of the verb.
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Note: feic is a regular verb except in the past tense.
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Note: ith is a regular verb except in the future tense and the conditional mood.
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In the table below, the different types of verbal nouns in the first conjugation are shown.
| Trait | Examples |
|---|---|
The ending -(e)adh |
blaiseadh, briseadh, ceapadh, glanadh, meascadh, pósadh |
Broadening of the root and the ending -adh |
bualadh, fáscadh, loscadh, rúscadh, troscadh |
Broadening of the root |
brath, cumasc, cur, gol, lot, siúl, toirmeasc, tomhas |
Same as the root |
amharc, crith, díol, fás, íoc, ól, ríomh, scríobh, teagasc, teip |
The ending -áil |
fágáil, féadachtáil, gabháil, maireachtáil, tógáil |
-t added to the root |
adhaint, baint, ceilt, deighilt, meilt, roinnt |
The ending -(e)amh |
buaireamh, caitheamh, fónamh, léamh, seasamh, téamh |
The ending -(e)an |
airleacan, leagan, ligean, teilgean, tionlacan, tréigean |
The ending -chan |
athnuachan, beochan, buíochan, buachan, cruachan |
The ending -(e)acht |
éisteacht, fanacht, gluaiseacht |
The ending -im |
druidim, léim, titim |
The ending úint |
creidiúint, feiliúint, giniúint, leanúint, oiliúint |
Long or diphthong vowel (root ending in -igh, -ígh) |
bá, brú, cloí, dlí, feo, guí, lí, lua, meá, ní, plé, reo, sleá, sní, sú, suí, trá, treá |
Other verbal nouns |
bleán, faire, fóirithint, iarraidh, screadach, seinm, tuiscint |
In the table below, the different types of verbal nouns in the second conjugation are shown.
| Trait | Examples |
|---|---|
The ending -(i)ú |
achoimriú, bailiú, cabhrú, daingniú, eagrú, fuarú, gríosú, oibriú |
The ending aí |
cónaí, corraí, eachtraí, fiafraí, ionsaí |
The ending -í |
achainí, éirí, impí, taithí |
-t added to the root |
aithint, bagairt, cosaint, eitilt, fógairt, imirt, oscailt, seachaint |
Broadening of the root |
ceangal, cogar, freastal, iompar, rómhar, soláthar, taisteal |
The ending -(e)amh |
áireamh, cúiteamh, éileamh, iomramh, machnamh, smaoineamh |
The ending -(e)ach |
ceannach, cnuasach, eiteach, réiteach, taifeach |
The ending -(e)acht |
aoireacht, dúiseacht, fortacht, imeacht, tairngreacht |
The ending -áil |
admháil, athchúrsáil, teagmháil |
The ending -aíocht |
marcaíocht, ráthaíocht, tóraíocht |
Other verbal nouns |
damhsa, dúchan, eisiúint, insint, tiúchan |
The genitive form of the verbal noun is usually the same as the verbal adjective in the contexts shown in the table below:
| Trait | Verbal Noun | Form of the Genitive |
|---|---|---|
Verbal nouns ending in -(e)adh |
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Monosyllabic verbal nouns ending in a long vowel or a diphthong |
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Polysyllabic verb nouns ending in a long vowel |
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Verbal nouns ending in -ilt, -in(g)t, (except -áint, -úint), -irt |
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Some masculine verbal nouns that end in a broad consonant |
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A few other verbal nouns |
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Note: Verbal nouns ending in -(e)adh or ending in a long vowel do not have a normal genitive according to one of the declensions (see 3.3.4), e.g., bearradh, cló, cónaí.
The genitive of the noun, according to the related declension, may belong to —
certain verbal nouns:
| Trait | Verbal Noun | Form of the Genitive |
|---|---|---|
As a noun in the First Declension (see 2.2.2) |
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As a noun in the Second Declension (see 2.3.2) |
fóirithint |
foireann fóirithinte |
As a noun in the Third Declension, for verbal nouns ending in -áil, -áíl, -áint, -únt, -cht and other verbal nouns (see 2.4.2) |
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common nouns which are used to perform the functions of a verbal noun but which do not undergo verbal conjugation beyond that:
| Trait | Verbal Noun | Form of the Genitive |
|---|---|---|
As a noun in the First Declension (see 2.2.2) |
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As a noun in the Second Declension (see 2.3.2) |
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As a noun in the Third Declension, where a suffix is added to the base noun, e.g., bádóir, bádóireacht; peata, peataireacht and for other verbal nouns (see 2.4.2) |
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Note: Verbal nouns of the types mentioned in 5.6.1(b)(ii) above do not have a form for the verbal adjective. Some regular nouns also lack the verbal adjective form, e.g., achainí, uair na hachainí (EN: request, psychological moment); fónamh, fear fónaimh (EN: service, man of service); gol, racht goil (EN: cry, fit of crying); guí, faoi bhrí na guí (EN: prayer, under the influence of prayer); maireachtáil, slí mhaireachtála (EN: living, way of living).
the alternate versions of many verbal nouns to express continuity, frequency, abstractness, noise, emphasis, a second meaning or single action, e.g., aistriú (EN: translation) to aistriúchán (EN: translation); liú (EN: yell) to liúireach (EN: yell):
| Trait | Verbal Noun | Form of the Genitive |
|---|---|---|
As a noun in the First Declension (see 2.2.2) |
níochán |
meaisín níocháin |
As a noun in the Second Declension (see 2.3.2) |
preabarnach |
rás preabarnaí |
As a noun in the Third Declension (see 2.4.2) |
léitheoireacht |
ábhar léitheoireachta |
There are some verbal nouns that have two forms in the genitive — the form of the verbal adjective and the form according to one of the noun declensions:
| Trait | Verbal Noun | Form of the Genitive according to One of the Declensions |
|---|---|---|
As a noun in the First Declension (most masculine verbal nouns ending in a broad consonant) (see 2.2.2) |
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As a noun in the Second Declension (a few feminine verbal nouns) (see 2.3.2) |
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As a noun in the Third Declension (feminine nouns ending in -chan and crith, foghlaim, íoc, reic, rith, seinm, slad, snámh, sníomh, tairiscint, tál, trácht, triall, troid, tuiscint) (see 2.4.2) |
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The form of the verbal adjective is used when the verbal noun is accompanied by an object.
The other form is used when the verbal noun functions as a noun or an adjective.
| Verbal Noun | Genitive — Form of the Verbal Adjective | Genitive — Form according to One of the Declensions |
|---|---|---|
brath |
fear a bhraite |
lucht braith |
ceannach |
fear ceannaithe na mbeithíoch |
árthach ceannaigh |
déan |
fear déanta brící |
sórt déanaimh |
insint |
fear inste scéil |
an sórt insinte |
íoc |
lá íoctha na rátaí |
fear íoca |
iompar |
tar éis a iompartha |
gléas iompair |
ól |
lucht ólta poitín |
boladh óil |
úsáid |
modh a úsáidte |
easpa úsáide |
There are some verbal nouns that are also used as common nouns. These have a plural form according to the declension to which they belong.
For verbal nouns ending in -(e)adh, -taí (-tí) is usually replaced by -(e)adh if the root ends in -ch, -d, -l, -ll, -n, -rr, -s or -t, and -thaí (-thí), if it ends with another consonant, e.g., baisteadh, baistí; casadh, castaí; cinneadh, cinntí; moladh, moltaí; pósadh, póstaí; tarscaoileadh, tarscaoiltí; bloscadh, bloscthaí; colscaradh, colscarthaí; crapadh, crapthaí; loscadh, loscthaí; madhmadh, madhmthaí; scríobadh, scríobthaí; speireadh, speirthí; tíolacadh, tíolacthaí, or occasionally -teacha, -thacha, e.g., filleadh, fillteacha; gearradh, gearrthacha.
For polysyllabic verbal nouns ending in -(i)ú, -(u)ithe is replaced by -(i)ú, e.g., athrú, athruithe; ceartú, ceartuithe; cruinniú, cruinnithe; fiosrú, fiosruithe; míniú, mínithe; ordú, orduithe; scrúdú, scrúduithe; toiliú, toilithe.
For nouns ending in -áil, the l is broadened and -acha is added, e.g., admháil, admhálacha; ofráil, ofrálacha.
For verbal nouns ending in cht, -áí is added, e.g., gluaiseacht, gluaiseachtaí, and add -í to verbal nouns ending in -lt, -nt, -rt, e.g., bagairt, bagairtí; creidiúint, creidiúintí; oscailt, oscailtí; tairiscint, tairiscintí.
For monosyllabic verbal nouns ending in a vowel, -nna or, occasionally, -ite are added, e.g., breo, breonna; brú, brúnna; cló, clónna; dó, dónna; liú, liúnna; meá, meánna; sú, súnna; crú, crúite; rá, ráite; sá, sáite.
The prefixes do-, in-, so- are used with the form of the verbal adjective to make classifications, e.g., dochoiscthe, dofheicthe, doghluaiste, dothuigthe, indéanta, inscrúdaithe, sofheicthe, sofhoghlamtha, sophacáilte. (See 4.12 for more information on the verbal adjective.)